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Globally, a majority of the Earth=E2= =80=99s population still lives further than 25 km from fibre optic network = infrastructure135. This physical isolation from wireline network= infrastructure, combined with low population density and topographical rem= oteness, all contribute to the unique challenges of connecting rural and re= mote communities.
In Canada, roughly 20% of the populat= ion lives in census-defined rural areas136. Over the last few de= cades, these communities have experienced significant economic diversificat= ion. Many rural residents no longer make their livelihood from agricultural= or natural-resource production, and now require access to modern high-spee= d internet for educational and employment opportunities. Because of this, b= roadband advocates have looked to emerging technologies, such as Low Earth = Orbit (LEO) satellites, as a solution to the last mile problem for people i= n rural and remote regions.
Communications satellites that provid= e internet services can be deployed in one of three orbit ranges above the = Earth=E2=80=99s surface =E2=80=94 as measured from the equator =E2=80=94 an= d in one of three satellite spectrum bands: C(4-8 GHz)-, Ku(12-18 GHz)- and= Ka(26.5-40 GHz)-band137 (Figure 22).= p>
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Figure 22. A Comparison of frequency bands a= nd their corresponding applications138.
135ITU/UNESCO Broadband Co= mmission for Sustainable Development. The State of Broadband 2019. Pg. 7. Accessed 10 Ju= ne 2021.
136Hambly, H. and Rajabiun= , R, (Telematics and Informatics), <= a class=3D"external-link" href=3D"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art= icle/pii/S0736585321000046?casa_token=3DJrz3XWQ8kYgAAAAA:JHx1LbzH7Y5PhadMW1= 6cdLGCZzTX1YPJmB6hzgGd3_AgYcqBbDNZUGRkIsyBvCYf5XTblbGykhY" rel=3D"nofollow"= style=3D"color: rgb(0,204,255);">Rural broadband: Gaps, maps and challenge= s. June 2021.
137CRTC. Satellite Inquiry Report (20= 14). Accessed 18 May 2016.
138European Space Agency.<= span> Satellite Frequency Bands. Accessed 24 June&= nbsp; 2021.